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This article is about the Georgian dialect. For the American rock band, see Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian ( /sɛrbɔːkɔːtɔːrɑːz/; Serbian: Србо-грогски, srboglɔkski/Croatian: Srpski, Croatian: Srpski/Srpski) is a pluricentric language with around 27 million native speakers and several million more who speak it as a second language. It is a descendant of the Proto-South Slavic language and is spoken by inhabitants of the Balkans, including Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Ukraine and Romania.
The language is divided into two dialects: Serbian and Croatian. On the other hand, there is a significant Serbo-Croatian immigrant population living in the Americas.
Between 1946 and 1992, Serbo-Croatian was banned in Croatia, as the country was divided into two republics, with different languages being official. However, since the end of the Croatian War of Independence, the Croatian government has encouraged the use of the language, primarily in education and the government.
Standard Serbian is based on the Midland dialect from central Serbia, with additional influences from Eastern Herzegovina and Raška. Croatian is based on the Zagreb dialect, which is also the standard for Slovene.
The Croatian language became official in Croatia in 1991 and in Serbia in 1946, concurrent with the two republics becoming independent from Yugoslavia. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the language became official after being recognised as a minority language in 1992. In Montenegro, the language became official in 2006.
The name of the language may come from the word “Serbo-Croatian” (Србо-грогски), composed of “Serbo-” (срби/-/srBi), a Slavic prefix, and “Croato-”— a term used by Venetians and Genovese for speakers of the Romance languages, an allusion to the widespread use of the Cyrillic script among these speakers.
The term is not contemporaneous with the term “Croats” ( hrvati ), which only emerged in the 11th century and was first applied to the people inhabiting the area south of the Dinaric Alps, that is, the region that corresponds roughly to Croatia today.
Origins
Serbo-Croatian originated in the Middle Danube basin where, according to the most widely accepted idea, it emerged in the early 9th century as a continuation of the vernacular speech of the Croats after they had been converted to Christianity by St. Cyril and St. Methodius. Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Macedonia all enjoyed substantial Serbian and Croatian immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries, further fueling the linguistic divergence between the various communities.
The spread of the language can be particularly attributed to the establishment of a Cyrillic script in Primary Slavonic in the early 9th century and the consequent spread of literacy within the Serbs and Croats. However, the first written records of the language date from the 11th century. The first texts in Serbo-Croatian consisted of religious texts and were written in Cyrillic.
Traditional theory
Serbo-Croatian originated as a continuation of the vernacular speech of the Croats after they had been converted to Christianity by St. Cyril and St. Methodius.
According to the traditional theory, the development of Serbo-Croatian was due to the gradual assimilation of Croats who spoke a distinct Romance language into the Serbian and Croatian linguistic communities along the Danube river. In the late Middle Ages, however, the Croats became bilingual, dominantly speaking Croatian in the east and Serbian in the west. The shift from distinct Romance to Serbo-Croatian varieties is still a matter of debate among linguists.
The modern theory of Serbo-Croatian development states that the two variants developed independently from one another and are not descended from a common proto-language. Serbian and Croatian are both determined by Serbo-Croatian dialects, but these dialects did not form a single language until the 19th century.
The Standard Serbian language is based on the dialect from central Serbia, with additional influences from Eastern Herzegovina and Raška.
Development
Serbo-Croatian emerged in the Middle Danube basin where, according to the most widely accepted idea, it emerged in the early 9th century as a continuation of the vernacular speech of the Croats after they had been converted to Christianity by St. Cyril and St. Methodius. Although the traditional theory holds that Serbo-Croatian developed as a result of the gradual assimilation of Croats who spoke a distinct Romance language into the Serbian and Croatian linguistic communities along the Danube river, the modern theory of Serbo-Croatian development states that the two variants developed independently from one another and are not descended from a common proto-language.
Serbian and Croatian are both determined by Serbo-Croatian dialects, but these dialects did not form a single language until the 19th century. The development of the two variants is also a matter of debate among linguists. According to one theory, Croatian developed first, and Serbo-Croatian subsequently borrowed from it. Serbian’s development is based on the dialect from Central Serbia, with additional influences from Eastern Herzegovina and Raška.
Serbo-Croatian is divided into two dialects: Serbian and Croatian. The two dialects share many common features, but they have also evolved to have a number of significant differences. For example, Croatian has eliminated many of the Serbo-Croatian diphthongs, while Serbian retains these diphthongs.
Serbo-Croatian has also developed a number of inflectional endings that are not found in Serbian. For example, in Croatian there is a reflexive pronoun ending - sebi (речи sebe), but this inflection is not found in Serbian.
Use
Serbo-Croatian is the official language of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania. It is also the official language of the former Yugoslav republics of Serbia and Montenegro.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatian is the official language, but Serbian is also recognized as a minority language. In Croatia, Serbian is the official language, but Croatian is also recognized as a minority language.
In Montenegro, Serbian is the official language, but Croatian is also recognized as a minority language.
In Serbia, Serbo-Croatian is the official language, but it is also recognized as a minority language.
In the United States, there is a significant Serbo-Croatian immigrant population living in the states of Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.
Speakers
There are around 27 million native speakers of Serbo-Croatian, as well as several million more who speak it as a second language. The largest concentration of Serbo-Croatian speakers resides in Croatia, with a population of around 4.5 million. Serbian is the second most spoken language in Croatia, with a population of around 2 million.
There are also significant Serbo-Croatian populations in the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom.
In Canada, Serbo-Croatian is the third most spoken languages other than English and French, with a population of around 260,000 speakers.
In the United States, Serbo-Croatian is the fourth most spoken language, with a population of around 1.5 million speakers.
In Australia, Serbo-Croatian is the sixth most spoken languages other than English, Mandarin, Cantonese, Vietnamese, and Greek, with a population of around 55,000 speakers.
In the United Kingdom, Serbo-Croatian is the eighth most spoken language, with a population of around 60,000 speakers.
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